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Dimension fields retrieve the data that will provide the basis for analysis in a report. Dimensions typically retrieve character-type data (employee names, company names, etc.), or dates (years, quarters, etc.)

Metric fields retrieve numeric data that is the result of calculations on data in the database.
Metrics tend to be dynamic: the values they return depend on the dimensions they are used with. For example, if you include Person and Age in a query, Age per person is calculated.

View Geography Fields are fields linked to a GeoPack.

Pre-Defined Filters are fields where a set of conditions have been set up when the view was created. This assists users to limit the data returned in a query to only the expected results. For example if the filter is called 'United States' then only data from the united states would be included in the results.

Parameters are fields which are used to capture user defined values and pass them into calculated fields or filters. These parameters can assist in conducting what if analysis.

View Filter Groups are sets fields to be used as filters, reused multiple times. Filter Groups can contain filter dependency hierarchies, as well as cached values. These only have to be set up once, rather than for each report.